WORLD MID TERM
World Studies Mid-Term Review Sheet!!!
Ø Chapter 1- the Peopling of the World
ü Nomads – people who move from place to place
ü Hunters-gathers- hunted food and gathered plants
ü Agricultural revolution-
ü Hominids – human like create can walk upright
ü Homo-sapiens –“wise men”
ü Cro-Magnons – study habits of animals advance development of language
ü Artifacts- weapons, tools, or pottery and other ancient remains from earlier human life
ü Stone age- the earliest period of human history, in which tools and weapons were made of stone
ü Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages- reasons- change in climate, growth in population
ü Farming villages and the growth of complex societies
ü Characteristics of advanced civilization- advanced city, record keeping, specialized workers, advanced technology, complex institutions
ü Cuneiform- a system of writing
ü Ur – summarian city of about 30,000 people, had all five characterics, scribes, artisan, religion, used cuneiform, irrigation
ü Culture
ü Bronze and Bronze Age- used bronze instead of copper and stone
Ø Chapter 2 -Early River Valley Civilizations
ü Pharaoh- ruler
ü Hieroglyphics – a system of writing using pictures
ü Polytheism- belief in many gods
ü Pictograph – a way of representing statistical data using symbolic figures to match the frequencies.
ü Theocracy - form of government in which a God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler.
ü Sargon of Akkad- ancient Mesopotamian ruler from 2333- 2279 bc
ü Indus and Ganges Rivers- rivers in Mesopotamia
ü Indus Valley- Indus Valley had wet and dry seasons,Tall mountains to the North and desert to the west-natural barriers, Rivers empty to the sea-provides of means of cultural interaction and trade
ü India- present day Indus river valley
ü Egypt- ancient civilization that built pyramids, used hieroglyphics, and preserved bodies by using mummification
ü China- country and ancient civilization in Asia by the Pacific ocean
ü Mesopotamia – ancient civilization that created city-states and used cuneiform
ü Dynasty- leadership succession in a single family
ü Sumer and Sumerian people – an ancient people that lived on the Fertile Crescent
ü Feudalism in Ancient China-
ü Chinese writing – symbols describing the Chinese language
ü Mandate of Heaven- traditional Chinese sovereignty concept of legitimacy used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty and later the Emperors of China
ü Shang – second historic Chinese dynasty
ü Fertile Crescent- the area of Mesopotamia
ü Loess- fertile soil
ü Hammurabi – 6th king of Babylon
Ø Chapter 3- People and Ideas on the Move
ü Indo- Europeans – a group of semi-nomadic people who came from the steepes
ü Aryans- indo-European people
ü Steppes – dry, grass-covered plains
ü Migration – moving from place to place
ü Hittites – an Indo-European people who settled in Anatolia
ü Anatolia/Asia Minor- the Southwest Asian peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey- also called Asia Minor.
ü Vedas- four collections of sacred writings produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in India.
ü Brahmin- in Aryan society, a member of the social class made up of priests.
ü Untouchables- last class of the caste system
ü Mahabharata - a great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India.
ü Caste System- social class system
Ø Chapter 4 First Age of Empires
ü Satraps- the name given to the governors
ü Zoroaster – Persian prophet
ü Cyrus-Persia’s king
ü Darius- Cambyses’s successor
ü Autocracy- a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner.
ü Daoism/teachings of Laozi- a philosophy based on the ideas of the Chinese thinker Laozi, who taught that people should be guided by a universal force called the Dao.
ü Confucius- China’s most influential scholar
ü Yin and Yang- two powers that govern the natural rhythms of life
ü Legalism-a Chinese political philosophy based on the idea that a highly efficient and powerful is the key to social order
ü Filial Piety- - respect shown by children to their parents and elders.
ü The Analects- the book of words that Confucius’s followers made
ü Chapter 5 Classical Greece
ü Demosthenes- Athenian orator, tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip and his army proposed.
ü Durians- a Greek-speaking people that, according to tradition, migrated into mainland Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization
ü Mycenaean- an Endo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000b.c.
ü Classical Art- art of ancient Greek culture
ü Spartans- people from Sparta
ü Minoan culture- influenced Mycenaean culture
ü King Philip – king of Macedonia
ü Phalanx--a military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields.
ü Peloponnesian- war lasting from 431-404 BCE in which Athens and its allies were defeated Sparta and its allies
ü Rhodes – bronze statue that’s stood more than 100 feet high
ü Euclid- the element
ü Persian – an adj. to describe things from the Persian culture
ü Conquests of Alexander the Great -
ü Hellenistic culture – relating to the civilizations, language ,and art of the Greek world
Ø Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity
ü Roman Republic-
ü Power struggles in early Roman republic between aristocracy and the common people
ü Romance languages- Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese
ü Latin- dead language
ü Roman Law- the legal system of ancient Rome
ü Diaspora- Jewish religion survive but most Jews driven from their homeland
ü Decision to divide the Roman Empire-
ü Bishop of Rome- head of the church
ü Pope- leader of the Roman Catholic religion
ü Acceptance of Christianity by the Roman Empire
ü Jesus- son of God
ü Monotheism- belief in one god
ü 10 commandments- rules given to Moses for Christians to live by
ü Paul and his epistles – was a convert and his original name was Saul and the epistles were the letters he wrote
ü New Testaments- the second part of the bible in which the four gospels are found
ü Peter- Peter was one of the first apostles
ü Constantine – made Christianity an approved religion
ü Diocletian-strong willed army leader
ü Julius Caesar –governed as an absolute ruler
ü Classical
ü Aqueducts – a system to bring water into the city-states
ü Pax Romana – the period of peace and prosperity
ü Plebeians –common people
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Ø Chapter 7 India and China establish Empires
ü Han Dynasty- ruled china for 400 years
ü Significance of the invention of paper
o Paper was more convenient to use for record-keeping, so Chinese bureaucracy expanded
ü Chandra Gupta- took the title of Great King of Kings
ü Asoka – Maurya’s son- took the throne for 32 years
ü Katilya – wrote a ruler’s handbook called Arthasastra
ü Chandragupta Maurya- India’s first emperor
ü Chinese government’s efforts to control monopolies
